Examining Whether or not the Boston Massacre was a True...

The Merriam-Webster online dictionary defines massacre as â€Å"the act or an instance of killing a number of usually helpless or unresisting human beings under circumstances of atrocity or cruelty† or â€Å"a cruel or wanton murder† (m-w.com). Essentially a massacre results in either the death of many people or death by cruel means. The Boston Massacre occurred on March 5, 1770, in Boston, Massachusetts and involved American colonists and British troops. The colonists, upset by recent laws enacted by the British, taunted a smaller group of British soldiers by throwing snowballs at them (Boston Massacre Historical Society). In response, the soldiers fired upon the unarmed colonists leaving five people dead and six wounded (Phelan, 131). Even†¦show more content†¦The act also gave customs agents the authority to search property, including the colonists’ homes. The colonial response to these acts was increasing violence against the customs officials. In 1768, the British government sent troops to America to reinforce the Townshend Acts and protect the customs agents. At one point there were 4,000 British soldiers in a city of only 16,000 people (Phelan, 24). According to Phelan, there were â€Å"almost daily confrontations† between soldiers and civilians (38). There was increasing tension between the troops and the American colonists. Some children as well as adults tormented the troops by throwing snowballs and chunks of ice at the soldiers. There was also increasing tension between the colonists who were loyal to the Crown and those who were loyal to the colonies because some store owners broke their agreements about importing and selling British goods. Children threw trash and rocks at those storeowners’ buildings. Several days before the Boston Massacre, one of the loyalist merchants shot and killed a young man who was a part of group vandalizing his business (Phelan, 44-46). The colonists’ tem pers flared. By March 5, 1770, only 600 British troops remained in the city (Zobel, 181). â€Å"On Monday, March 5, Boston seemed to be holding its breath† (Lukes, 32). The friction betweenShow MoreRelatedThe Loyalists: Their Reasons for Fleeing the United States and their Impact on Canadian2400 Words   |  10 PagesEmpire was defeated in its attempt to re-establish order in the thirteen American colonies during the American Revolution, many Loyalists fled to other parts of the British Empire seeking sanctuary and as a result, approximately 33,000 Loyalists ended up fleeing from the newly independent United States to Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, with an additional 6000 ending up in Quebec (Jasanoff 357). These Loyalist refugees would go on to have a massive impact on all areas of Canadian life whether it beRead MoreComputer and Internet in Education13526 Words   |  55 Pageshumancomputer interaction at Carnegie Mellon University. Patricia M. 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Does Teacher Absenteeism Impact Student Learning And What...

Research Question Does teacher absenteeism impact student learning and what are the main reasons for teacher absences are the main questions to be answered. These questions were devised because two of the schools in our district have been on the academic distress list with the Arkansas Department of Education for the last four to five years. Too many teachers in our district are absent on a regular basis and our students cannot make adequate progress with substitutes and inconsistency. At our school alone, I have notice a tremendous amount of absentees from our teachers. Our school house students from second grade to fifth grade. At these grades the students are learning important foundational skills that are needed to continue significant learning at the middle and high school levels. This report includes information on teacher absenteeism from education literature, a breakdown of teachers’ absences at Townsend Park Elementary School, and recommendations to be considered that would minim ize teacher absences. Literature Review Teacher absenteeism puts students at a loss. New research suggests that teacher absenteeism is becoming problematic in U. S. public schools, as about one in three teachers miss more than ten days of school each year. U. S. teacher absence rates are nearly three times those of managerial and professional employees. First-ever figures from the U. S. Department of Education’s Office for Civil Rights, compiled in 2012, also show that in a fewShow MoreRelatedResearch Method About Absenteeism3974 Words   |  16 PagesACKNOWLEDGEMENT This report represents the endless effort of a continuous learning process involving many individuals. 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Scientific Management Principles Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Scientific Management Principles. Answer: Changes to the Factory System by implementation of the Scientific Management Principles The metaphors that are used by Morgan perceive organisations as a technical instrument, that is used to achieve some specific outcome. Both the humans and equipment of an organisation work together in mechanical efficiency to attain a goal (Morgan 1980). Morgans metaphors view organisations as living beings, which need resources to stay alive, unlike other books on organisation that take its existence for granted. Just like living organisms, the key instruments of an organisation have to survive based on different resources. Some of these metaphors are applicable to the factory system in a very basic and primal manner: they exist even without any significant knowledge about their existence and they perform their tasks even if they are not assigned to them with any proper knowledge about their functions. Like a living organism, the organisation is considered to be a single entity that functions from a basic and core area, which processes the information and takes key decisions on behalf of the entire organisation (rtenblad, Trehan and Putnam 2016). On the other hand, these metaphors can also be applied after the implementation of thescientific management in order to make sure that they are used in the most efficient way possible that would be best serving for the organisation (Morgan 1980). With knowledge on the different key attributes and parts of the organisation, there would also be detailed ideas about which of these parts or entities of the organisation helps in which specific operations of the company. This would be tremendously helpful when the organisation has to focus on something specific and boost their operations in one particular field. Morgans metaphors are essential in the sense that they give valuable insight into the different factors that make up the entire operations of the organisation and also give ideas regarding which of these aspects can be used in the right manner to enhance particular organisational operations. Organisational Bureaucracy There are many debates regarding the rational bureaucratic model of the organisation. This model is built on the previously discussed machine metaphor that has been put forth by Morgan in 1997. The current model gives specific structural arrangements and administrative activities that are focused upon attainment of goals and objectives of the orgnaisation (Burrell and Morgan 2017). The suggestions that are given by this model talks about how to effectively coordinate and control manual human labour. Webers theory of rational bureaucracy is one of the biggest influences on organisational theories andmanagement practices. He identified six central elements in bureaucracy, which are: a clearly defined idea about the division of labour and authority, a sense of a prevailing hierarchy within the organisation, well defined and written guidelines which lay down the criteria for performances, recruitment criteria, office holdings on vocational courses, and, duties of different positions (Mori 2017). These elements defined by Weber help a bureaucratic organisation to decide how to recruit, distribute and control the human resources that are available. Weber also suggests several characteristics that the organisation should be possessing: the organisation should have clearly defined goals which can be achieved through a formal structure; efficiency has to be enhanced through following the organisational policies; organisational behaviour, both within the company and the industry, should be shaped by the formal structure (Burrell and Morgan 2017). However, there is a serious debate about his arguments on his definition and ideas about authority. According to Weber, a legitimate bureaucratic authority is the basis of any organisational competency. The amount of argument against this is no less. It is a known fact that those in the place of authorities are not always the most competent ones. There are elaborate and detailed ideas about the functions, dynamics and purpose of a bureaucratic organisation. Robert Merton has given details about the personalities that a bureaucratic organisation possesses and how do those shape its functions. Alvin Gouldner has given ideas pertaining to the different patterns of an industrial bureaucracy. Some of these forms include mock bureaucracy, representative bureaucracy and bureaucracy oriented around punishment. Peter Blau has given proper ideas regarding the dynamics of organisational bureaucracy. His studies, conducted in 1955, of federal and bureaucratic agencies have yielded similar results to the inferences that were made by Gouldner. Blau took the conclusions of gouldner and gave it a functional approach, which were solely focused upon the consequences of the actions and routines of organisational bureaucracy (Mori 2017). His study tried to find if bureaucracies helped an organisation to achieve its objectives and also whether it helped to produce the desired organisational behaviour. Like Metron, he believed that bureaucratic procedures often give unexpected results and result in consequences that were not anticipated before. Philip Selznick has often been considered as the authoritative person who has been looked up to by many when it comes to studying the bureaucracy in an organisation (Burrell and Morgan 2017). His 1949 study of the Tennessee Valley Authority gives further evidences on the role that human actions have in producing deviations from attaining goals through formal rational bureaucracy. Barnards notion of a Common Moral Purpose Chester Bernard is one of the major influences that has shaped the ideas and studies on organisational bureaucracy, and everything it encompasses: from the reason of its existence and how may it influence and shape the operations of the organisations, as well as changing and deciding its behaviour. Bernard viewed organisations as cooperative systems. He defined organisations as entities and structures that had complex biological, physical, personal and social components. These elements are all in a specific systematic relationship (Lefkowitz 2017). According to Bernard, humans get into arrangements that are cooperative in nature simply because they cannot they cannot achieve those alone and has to be helped by others to fulfil the collective objectives. His viewings of the organisations were in biological terms that are similar to living organisms that are always trying to survive in a hostile environment. He further acknowledged the fact that organisations are not self-sufficient and needs to rely upon different resources that are available from outside environment that both facilitate as well as restricts the action s and functions of the organisation. For example, an organisation stands upon the basic pillars of capital, labour, equipment and resources to function (Lefkowitz 2017). On the other hand, the organisation also needs science and technologies that help it to achieve its goals and also restrict what can be achieved, depending on the technology that is currently available. Even though the goals of an organisation are set by the higher authorities, the willingness to achieve those come from the lower levels of the organisational hierarchy. Authority of an organisation is only realised when the employees in the lower tiers accept and comply to the authoritative figures. An organisation is a purposefully coordinated entity and system of communication that links all the participants. Even though some of Bernards views are based on rationality, his insistence on non-material, informal, moral and inter-personal basis for cooperation sets him apart from the rational bureaucracy advocates of an organisational hierarchy (By, Armenakis and Burnes 2015). He believed that an organisation is only successful if a common and collective purpose within the organisation can be formed, that is also morally binding for the participants of the organisation. This has to be undertaken and executed by the executive of the organisation who is responsible for creating the moral codes for the participants. It must be remembered that this notion of the organisational success has been criticised as being moral imperialism. Still, Bernard accepts the fact that this overriding purpose can be discarded if the very existence of the organisation is threatened. Even after understanding and emphasising on the moral aspects of organisational success, Bernard still acknowledges the need for environment as being the most important ingredient for the success of an organisation. Managing the operations and organisational flexibility An organisation has to maintain a kind of flexibility that would help the organisation to achieve a balance in all its operations. An organisation has to ensure that a balance between the conomies of scale and economies of scope is attained, so that an overall all-encompassing organisational operation can be established. In the modern day organisations, themanagement always try to create a decorum that would make the organisation both specializing in certain aspects and yet ensure that the organisation is flexible in nature, which would help the company to execute even those tasks which are not the companys forte (Nandakumar, Jharkharia and Nair 2014). Specialisations based on assembly lines reduces the need for technical control and direct supervision. Ford Motors was the first company to have successfully used this model to increase their productivity, hence dubbing the model as Fordism. However, Fordism failed to capture the basic essence of the diversifications that had to be est ablished in the organisation and hence, new models emerged that facilitated in the operational balance of organisations. Achieving both economies of scale and economies of scope are vital for the company to make sure that the functions of the organisation both maximizes its profits through reduced costs and also expand the organisations operations to every potential sector, that can proof beneficial for the company. When mass produced components or commodities can be produced at a lower cost and better profit can be generated, it yields significant economies to scale, which is essential for organisations as they have to continue doing business in the industry in the long term. Economies of scope refers to the condition of the organisations which help organisations to undertake different tasks and execute them successfully, making it easier to expand to new sectors (Sopelana, Kunc and Hernez 2014). Both of these two aspects have to be balanced by the organisation, if it wants to surv ive in a sector. References Burrell, G. and Morgan, G., 2017.Sociological paradigms and organisational analysis: Elements of the sociology of corporate life. Routledge. By, R.T., Armenakis, A.A. and Burnes, B., 2015. Organizational change: A focus on ethical cultures and mindfulness. Lefkowitz, J., 2017.Ethics and values in industrial-organizational psychology. Taylor Francis. Morgan, G., 1980. Paradigms, metaphors, and puzzle solving in organization theory.Administrative science quarterly, pp.605-622. Mori, G.T., 2017. Examining Hindrance of Bureaucracy onManagement Innovation for Organizations.International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences,7(4), pp.601-607. Nandakumar, M.K., Jharkharia, S. and Nair, A.S. eds., 2014.Organisational flexibility and competitiveness. Springer Science Business Media. rtenblad, A., Trehan, K. and Putnam, L.L. eds., 2016.Exploring Morgans Metaphors: Theory, Research, and Practice in Organizational Studies. SAGE Publications. Sopelana, A., Kunc, M. and Hernez, O.R., 2014. Towards a dynamic model of organisational flexibility.Systemic Practice and Action Research,27(2), pp.165-183.

Information Technology in Healthcare Essay Example

Information Technology in Healthcare Essay Information Technology is becoming more prominent and useful in health care settings throughout the United States.It is commonly referred to as Health Information Technology, or HIT for short.This specific technology includes both Electronic Health Records (EHR) and/or Electronics Medical Records (EMR), and there is only a slight variation between the two terms.The main difference is that EMR are designed to communicate within one specific practice.The implementation of Health Information Technology has had a great influence on the quality of care given by providers, however; there are many that have not gotten rid of the old paper medical charts system.Some are skeptical about this new type of system and refuse to weigh the benefits of phasing the old system out in favor of the new electronic version.Some of the questions many providers have include curiosity of the benefits of EHR’s, what the steps to implement are, and any possible barriers they may encounter.To address tho se concerns, a health care facility must first establish their priorities, identify potential risks with a way to avoid or overcome those risks identified, create a pro and con list, and adhere to strict guidelines to make sure their system is put into place successfully. Some of the benefits that can be noted in adopting EHR’s or EMR’s may include the following: Improved quality and convenience of patient care Increased patient participation in their own health care We will write a custom essay sample on Information Technology in Healthcare specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Information Technology in Healthcare specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Information Technology in Healthcare specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Improvement of accuracy of diagnosis Improved treatment plans More efficient practice Cost savings (Health Connect, 2000) Since electronic medical records provide a more structured way to record a patients visit to the facility, it provides a more error proof way to record and track patient information (Stausberg, Koch, Ingenerf, Betzler, 2003).To make sure that a practice is keeping current when they are utilizing electronic medical records, it is very impor

Shave the Fluff Off Your Copy

SHAVE THE FLUFF OFF YOUR COPY Lots of copywriters love fluff. They gravitate toward it instinctively because it sounds good. Check out this sentence: â€Å"At Acme Pet Supplies, we offer superior customer service to match our outstanding products.† You might be thinking, â€Å"Oooh – that sounds so good! Everyone wants to see that a company has ‘superior customer service.’ Anyone who reads that Acme has ‘outstanding products’ will be persuaded to shop at Acme Pet Supplies, right?† Wrong. Though it sounds appealing on the surface, that statement is weak. First of all, that sentence could be describing almost any business in any industry. It’s a fluffy generality that could be describing an auto repair shop or a deli. Secondly, â€Å"superior customer service† and â€Å"outstanding products† are unsubstantiated claims. Consumers are bombarded by statements like these all the time and tune them out. Instead of padding your copy with fluffy phrases, use solid details to sell your products. Take another stab at that first sentence: â€Å"Recognized for outstanding customer service by the American Pet Supply Organization, Acme Pet Supply stocks everything pet owners need – from canary food to chew toys.† No more fluff. Readers are left with a verifiable fact about Acme Pet Supply that proves Acme excels in customer service. Plus, this new version tells readers the most important thing they need to know: they can get all their pet supplies at Acme. The next time you’re tempted to use an empty phrase, remember that your copy will be stronger if you shave away the fluff and leave only the facts.

Capital Punishment14 essays

Capital Punishment14 essays This page aims to discuss capital punishment as rationally as possible. I propose to present information which may help people make up their minds about whether or not capital punishment keeps them safe, makes economic sense, or provides a satisfactory "closure" for the victims of homicide. How, if at all, this information affects your response, either emotional or political, to capital punishment remains entirely up to you. The questions of fact concerning capital punishment fall into three general areas: does capital punishment , freeing social resources for better purposes than warehousing and feeding murders, or does it actually cost more, consuming resources that could go into preventing crime? Does capital punishment strike fear into offenders, saving innocent lives by would-be killers? And, finally, the courts make mistakes; what does capital punishment mean to an innocent These questions fit together to define a complex problem. If experience showed capital punishment saved lives by deterring offenders, the cost would not matter; a certainty that capital punishment would save innocent lives might even make the risk of wrongful convictions acceptable. If no risk at all existed of an error by the courts, the question of whether capital punishment saves innocent lives by deterring murder might matter less. And we cannot limit the cost of capital punishment simply to money, since society has limited resources, and can only spend so much on criminal justice. A society that spends money on executions can't spend that money on police officers, courts, or jails; to say nothing of schools, vocational programs, or other measures aimed at preventing crime. If the broader public view of capital punishment does not reflect the reality, how does capital punishment work in the United States? How do alternative systems work in countries such as Canada? And if of responses to murder, and the effe...

What is Effective Leadership within an Organisational Context Essay

What is Effective Leadership within an Organisational Context - Essay Example It seems that these characteristics are not standardized. Indeed, each leader seems to have different criteria for prioritizing organizational needs and for handling organizational crises. For this reason, the description of effective leadership may have different forms, focusing on the leader’s personal characteristics (traits), the role of leadership in transforming the organizational environment and so on. The review of the theories developed in the particular field led to the following assumption: effective leadership can exist in modern organizations but not in its ideal form. This means that even leaders who are characterized as quite successful may fail in responding to all needs of their organization. This finding can be characterized as logical since leaders, like all people, can also have weaknesses and preferences. However, there is a characteristic that differentiates successful leaders from others, non-charismatic leaders; successful leaders are able to use their weaknesses as means for promoting their ideas. The lack of flexibility of Margaret Thatcher in regard to her political decisions has been also considered as a power for supporting her ideas. In other words, in charismatic leaders, weaknesses are transformed into exceptional characteristics, contributing in the success of these leaders within their environment. 2. Effective leadership – description and analysis 2.1 Nature of leadership The last decades, the development of leadership has been rapid. The reason is that the specific concept has been highly related to the organizational development. In fact, it has been proved that leaders have a key role in the success of organizations in the international market. A wide range of leadership definitions has appeared, aiming to explain the nature of the concept and its role in the organizational performance. In accordance with a well-known description of leadership, this of Bass (1990), the most appropriate description of leadershi p would refer to leadership as ‘a group of processes’ (Bass 1990, in Northouse 2010, p.2). In the context of the above description, the leader is believed to be the center of organizational processes, and that his views reflect the views of his environment, meaning the employees. However, the above description fails in explaining the role of leader in taking initiatives, a role which is quite important for modern organizations, as analyzed further in the sections that follow. From another point of view, Northouse (2010) notes that leadership can be considered as a concept reflecting ‘a combination of special traits’ (Northouse 2010, p.2), meaning that each leader has specific characteristics, which are those that make the particular leader exceptional within his environment, both the internal and the external. The trait-theory on leadership, as described above, is quite popular, focusing on the personality of leader and not so much on his role within the or ganization. It is expected that the response of each leader to his environment will be different, in accordance with his personal characteristics, meaning his perceptions, his background and his skills. 2.2 Types of leadership in modern organization As noted above, the views of theorists in regard to leadership and its role are differentiated. Most theorists consider leadership as related more to the personal characteristics of the leader, a view promoted in the traits theory of leadership. However, there are also theorists who